Technology Policy Developed Countries

Today, development is a global concern that transcends the immediate interests and ideologies. It is now a moral and political challenge ... That shows that the stability and prosperity are indivisible. Kofi Annan

Introduction

Clearly, many Latin American countries and even face a changing environment and adverse. Many times there are structural features in their industries, unflattering, and the specific case of Venezuela we are concerned, hence the need to consider ways in which to confront globalization, opening new markets, technological revolution and restructuring those we could exploit industrial favorable opportunities, address threats and strengthen foretalezas. It is therefore urgent to channel efforts towards the creation of new businesses and activities, directed primarily by the guidelines of a new techno-economic paradigm and adapt it to the national realities of our countries, ie to achieve a broader process that has denominadoReestructuración Industrial .

General considerations, scope.

The Permanent Secretariat at the meeting which took a long time in the Regional Forum on Industrial Policy, held in San José de Costa Rica in October 1994, highlights some aspects that have been considered in the United States deserve to be taken into account, such as: a) Market forces encourage the competitiveness of the industry. The government is then free from the responsibility to invest in research and development for specific commercial purposes; b) The government must develop the technologies needed to meet their objectives in the areas of defense, space exploration, nuclear energy, etc.. The fruits of this technological development strategy will lead automatically and without additional cost to the State for commercial distribution of such technologies to the commercial sphere and thus stimulate industrial innovation., C) basic science research is a public good with satisfactory z higher education takes a sequential process of innovation and creation of new technologies that can be absorbed by industries; d) Environmental costs always have a negative impact on the economy so the government must establish strict regulations to force the industry intervene in private environmental technologies.

The Permanent Secretariat of SELA, also emphasizes that in this context, technological and industrial policy has been very little explicit intervention by the state, leaving market forces to the processes of diffusion of technologies resulting in a linear process, of scientific research.

Do not forget that since 1993 the intention to establish a technological and industrial policy was made more explicit through the importance that the Clinton-Gore administration conferred on their participation in strengthening their technological capabilities. Thus, it claimed responsibility for the role of government in the economy and took much stronger conviction of having a technology policy based on that competitiveness is a national security issue.

Remember too, that the Clinton administration by then included: 1) the federal government changed its priorities for research and development in the service of the government's objectives in the areas of defense, space and atomic energy technology to developing in collaboration with private industry, all with the aim of strengthening industrial competitiveness. 2) The government projects in technologies for the civil area tended to be increasingly developed in collaboration with the private sector. This required making less rigid restrictions on participation of private governmental bodies of the Council, 3) firms in a strengthening of the antitrust and in response to international competitive pressures, gradually abandoned vertical integration strategies and alliances headed of different types with suppliers, distributors, competitors, ect. To engage in pre-competitive research and development and infrastructure.

Specifically, the United States then, and still maintain their interest in research and development, technical assistance to the industry, information, infrastructure, exports, education and taxes.

With regard to the European Economic Community, SELA stressed that its entry into force in July 1987, the Single European Act introduced significant changes to the Treaty of Rome, this represented a crucial stage in the process of establishing programs and policies, to strengthen the Research and Technological Development of the member countries of the Community. The Single Act gives the Community an explicit competence in regard to scientific and technical cooperation.

We must not forget that the Joint Research and Technological Development (CCI) was established in 1957 with the signing of the Euratom Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community and its activities were initially limited to the field of research and fission nuclear, now diversified considerably to the study and development of new technologies, new materials, environment, industrial risk, etc..

The evolution of the ICC is characterized by increased research geared to industrial needs, flexibility and decentralization to industrial needs, the flexibility and decentralization of management and a significant amount of work performed under a previous customer contracts.

Meanwhile, in countries which make up the so-called Asian Tigers, technological and industrial policies are implemented properly and at defined time and contributed specifically to strengthen the competitive advantages of these nations, all manifested in the increase export capacity of the main industries in these economies.

Conclusion

It is necessary in the case of Latin American countries, as we are concerned, Venezuela, its current Afinque government to develop programs of research, technological development, leading to its business sector can play a highly competitive role to the reality that Globalization increasingly demand, should provide the necessary assistance and take it into account in their government programs and more now, which has a policy of more open foreign trade, leading to the formation of alliances to promote its development.

Definitely need new technology policies to be taken more seriously what the technology, research and development is ...

Graduate Teacher Faces, UC

Exatec.